1. Internationalization is intensifying poverty by giving rise to economic inequality;
a. Widening income gap between developed and developing nations
b. Reference of Joseph Stiglitz’s seminal work “Globalization and Its Discontents”

2. Globalization of markets is deepening poverty by leading to job outsourcing;
a. Reducing job opportunities for local communities
b. Example of manufacturing jobs moving from the U.S. to cheaper labor markets

3. Global interdependence is amplifying poverty through the escalating financial crisis;
a. Leading to global instability
b. Case study of the 2008 global financial crisis as a result of global interconnectedness.

4. Trans nationalization is influencing poverty by exacerbating the migration of human capital;
a. Undermining the development process of nations
b. Example of brain drain in Pakistan

5. Multinational corporations are worsening poverty by aggravating the loss of local industries;
a. Resulting in the collapse of local business
b. Reference of Naomi Klein’s influential work “No Logo”

6. Escalating poverty by leading to the exploitation of labourers;
a. Subjecting them to low wages
b. Case study of Bangladesh garment industry

7. Global interconnectedness is magnifying poverty by reducing investment in public services;
a. Impact of austerity measures in response to global financial pressures
b. Example of International Monetary Fund’s austerity measures

8. Globalization-driven migration is augmenting urban poverty through unplanned settlements;
a. Emerging slums settlements
b. Case Study of the rise in slums in megacities of Pakistan, e.g Karachi

9. Protectionist policies are exacerbating poverty by harming developing economies;
a. Reducing access to global markets
b. The economist Amartya Sen on the impacts of globalization

10. Globalization is worsening poverty by marginalizing certain groups;
a. Exclusion of Indigenous communities
b. Human Rights Watch Report on globalization-induced inequalities

D. How Globalization is Reducing Poverty
1. Undermining poverty by providing access to open markets;
a. Creating job opportunities
b. Case study of Sub-Saharan Africa’s exacerbated poverty rate

2. Dismantling poverty by attracting foreign direct investment;
a. Contributing to the Gross national product of nations

3. Reducing poverty by giving rise to industrialization;
a. Providing economic opportunities
b. Exploitation of vulnerable markets
E. Conclusion

Or

TOPIC 4:  Globalization: Reducing or Exacerbating Poverty

Outline
Introduction

1. Brief overview of globalization as an interconnected global phenomenon
2. What is globalization?
3. Thesis Statement

B. Globalization Reduces Poverty
1. Economic growth through global trade leads to poverty reduction;
a. Globalization fosters trade as well as industrial expansion, enabling nations to achieve higher GDP growth
b. Countries like China have leveraged globalization to transition millions from poverty to prosperity

2. Access to international markets drives increased income for poor populations;
a. Allows small-scale producers along with farmers to sell their goods competitively
b. Example: Fair trade practices benefiting farmers in Africa and Latin America

3. Global financial services provide better access for the poor;
a. The globalization of financial services, including microfinance along with mobile banking, empowers the poor to build wealth
b. Example: Mobile banking in Kenya has improved financial inclusion, providing economic opportunities to millions

4. Technological cooperations bridge development gaps;
a. The transfer of technology enhances productivity in agriculture, healthcare, and education
b. Mobile technology in sub-Saharan Africa has improved farming practices and healthcare delivery

5. Globalization brings innovation for low-cost solutions to basic needs;
a. Global advancements in technology create affordable solutions for essential services, including energy, water, and healthcare, helping lift people out of poverty

6. Global exposure to education as well as skill development lifts people out of poverty;
a. Increased access to education along with skills training through global partnerships empowers individuals to escape poverty
b. Example: Students from developing countries accessing educational opportunities in global institutions

7. Diversified economies reduce vulnerability to poverty;
a. By integrating into global markets, economies diversify beyond agriculture, reducing reliance on vulnerable sectors
b. For example, Bangladesh’s textile sector has reduced poverty by creating jobs for millions

8. Global supply chains enhance small business growth;
a. Small enterprises gain access to international buyers, improving profitability and growth
b. Case study: Handicrafts and artisan industries benefiting from e-commerce platforms like Etsy

9. Globalization health outcomes, alleviating Poverty-related diseases;
a. Example: Global vaccination campaigns that have reduced disease burden and improved economic conditions in impoverished regions

10. Global infrastructure development reduces regional inequalities;
a. Investments in infrastructure driven by globalization help to reduce disparities as well as improve living standards, especially in poor areas

11. Cultural exchange as well as global awareness promote social inclusion;
a. Example: Women’s empowerment initiatives growing through international exposure along with collaboration

12. Global trade policies lower barriers for developing nations, reducing poverty;
a. Reduced tariffs as well as trade barriers through global agreements
b. Example: The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has boosted trade for many African nations

C. Globalization Exacerbates Poverty
1.  Widening income inequality between rich and poor nations;
a. Globalization has led to a concentration of wealth in developed countries while widening the income gap with developing nations

2. Job Losses along with exploitation in low-wage economies;
a. Manufacturing jobs moving from the U.S. to countries like Bangladesh and Mexico, where labor is cheap and working conditions are poor

3. Exploitation of natural resources as well as environmental degradation

D. Conclusion